It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Method of setting offset to the chain line chain surveying principles have so far. Full text of the principles of surveying internet archive.
Generally a chain consists of 100 or 150 links each 300 mm or 200 mm length. As a triangle is the only simple plane geometrical figure which can be plotted from the length of the three sides even if the angles are not known. During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method. Chain surveying is the basic and oldest type of surveying. Thus, in discipline, the measurements are taken only in the horizontal plane. Temporary bench mark tbm a moveable object that has a known height above a predefined level. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. In some cases, much of the topographic surveying may be undertaken via photogrammetric processes. Types of surveying objectives of surveying principles of surveying importance of surveying uses of surveying. The method of chain surveying is used for small areas of survey. Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links.
Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known angles. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a n umber of small triangles which should be well conditioned. This means that the area to survey is spilled into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre determined. Also useful for the preparation of various upcoming exams like gate civil engineeringce ies barc isro sscje state engineering services exams and other important upcoming competitive exams. Since triangulation forms the principle of chain surveying, the chain survey is also sometimes called as chain triangulation.
Triangulation surveying is the tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles to determine distances and relative positions of points spread over an area, by measuring the length of one side of each triangle and deducing its angles and length of other two sides by observation from this baseline. What is the fundamental principle of chain surveying. Compass surveying is used in following circumstances. Principles of chain surveying chain surveying procedure. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines and check lines.
The first volume focuses on both the theoretical concepts and their practical applications. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their selection. Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer. The two outer ones are attached to the barrel of the telescope. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The principle of chain surveying is triangulation i. Concept of surveying definition of surveying, classification, principle, accuracy 2. In chain survey, the area to be surveyed is divided into a framework consisting of triangles. Based on the tbm the survey may then later be reduced to absolute levels if the level of tbm is known. Linear measurement different methods of direct measurement instrument for chaining, ranging, chaining on uneven slopping ground, errors in chaining, corrections. Since the triangle is a simple plane geometrical figure, it can be plotted from the measured length of its sides alone.
In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. They are small, reasonably light weight, highly accurate, but still expensive. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. Principles of chain survey a triangle is a simple figure which can be plotted from the lengths of three sides even if the angles are not known. It can be defined as the process of taking direct measurement, although not. Pdf introducing principles of land surveying by assigning a. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil engineering. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Aug 29, 2015 surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them, and by preparing a map to any suitable scale. Generally, surveying is divided into two major categories. Hence, in chain survey area to be plotted should be covered with a network of triangles. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. The principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles as a triangle is the only simple figure that can be plotted from the lengths of its sides measured in the field.
As a triangle is the only simple plane geometrical figure which can be plotted from the length of the. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. These principles of surveying are very vital for carrying out an accurate civil engineer survey. It has a compensator which consists of an arrangement of three prisms. Triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with only measurement of sides to enclose an area. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. In chain surveying, the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken.
Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. All the angles in both the triangles and the length l of the side ab, have been measured. Basic principle of surveying a determining suitable method for locating a point. What is chain surveying principles, procedure, method, instrument. Here the following topics of surveying are discussed.
Duties of the follower and leader during chain surveying. In surveying, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring only angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration. Plane surveying is a process of surveying in which the portion of the earth being surveyed is considered a plane. The link is made of galvanized mild steel wire 4 mm to 6mm diameter. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art of making all essential measurements in space. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. You can download free principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural engineering notes edurev pdf from edurev by. Principle of chain surveying the principle of chain surveying is triangulation. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. What is chain surveying part 1 ssc je preparation 2018. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation.
The principle involved in chain survey is of triangulation. Chain surveying is not suitable for large areas having many details. It is possible to define certain basic principles which are common for a civil engineering survey and study the different type of surveys. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil. Sep 23, 2017 this video explains the two fundamental principles of surveying.
This level is not absolute and is defined locally by the surveyors for the purpose of the survey. Angles of triangles must not be less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree. The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a framework consist of number of wellconditioned triangles or nearly equilateral triangles. Chain survey surveying is a very old method of surveying. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Chain surveying is the simplest form of survey in which surveying area is segregated into a number of triangles and the sides of different triangles are calculated directly in the field through a chain or a tape and no angular measurements are chosen. Aug 03, 2018 however, chain surveying is not recommended in the areas that are overcrowded with many details or the area is very large with too many undulations. Apr 21, 2020 principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural engineering notes edurev is made by best teachers of agricultural engineering. In chain surveying, only linear measurements are made i.
Principles of surveying computerized civil engineer. Chain surveying requires chain, tape and ranging rods. Punmia, ashok kumar jain, arun kumar jain surveying vol. Pdf key points on chain surveying araen shinge academia. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. It is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part. Oct 30, 2011 chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. To locate a new station by at least two measurements linear or angular from fixed reference points. Principle of chaining to measure any distance, you simply compare it to a known or calibrated distance. If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass surveying.
Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling it is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. Principles of survey methodology ucla labor center. Principles of surveying in spite of the diverse nature of land surveying, it is possible to define certain basic principles which are common to all branches of the subject. A practical project is used in an engineering surveying course to expose sophomore and junior civil engineering students to several important issues related to the use of basic principles of land. Nov 08, 2017 chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. Heba hamad, the university of palestine and modified by dr. In these surveys, control is achieved by positioning details on the ground which may be identified in images. These principles have proved over the years to be vital if accurate surveys are to be conducted. This implies a precise control surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying.
Chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by main stations i. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. For less precise works chain is used whereas, for more accurate and precise work other types of surveys are used. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural.
Amongst the various methods of surveying, the commonly used method is called chain surveying. Chain is most recommended for initial survey process. If the area to be surveyed is comparatively large with undulations compass survey. This document is highly rated by agricultural engineering students and has been viewed 10334 times. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. It varies in size, the common sizes are from 40 cm x 30 cm to 75 cm x. This article includes the definition of chain survey along with all detailed information with necessary images about various aspects of chain surveying. Dec 30, 2017 compass surveying is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements using a chain or tape. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling.
Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. In this type of survey, data is collected by marking physical observation and some measurements using simple survey instruments. To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods. The middle prism is suspended by fine wiring and reacts to gravity. Surveying it is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or threedimensional position of points and the distances and angles between types of surveying. Check on measurements the second principle is that. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Surveying, level, leveling, civil engineering, site. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles.
Principles of chain surveying the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area into a number of triangles. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. The first and most important principleis the provision. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. Various article about different surveying issue are discussed here. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as. Introduction to engineering surveying ce 5 levellingtheory. D egreesminutesseconds d ecimal degrees 1 0 2 3 12 1 8 1 1 4 2. Overview of plane surveying chain, compass and plane table, objectives, principles, and classifications. Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art of making all essential measurements in space to determine the relative positions and points andor physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the earths surface and to depict them in usable form, or to establish the. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. It is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. Basic surveying theory and practice for performing certain mathematical operations with angles, it is sometimes easier to convert to decimal degrees first, perform the necessary math, then convert back to degrees, minutes, and seconds.
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